Dietary evaluation of sodium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: Introduction: high sodium intake is a risk factor for diseases such as systemic arterial hypertension, stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: to evaluate the correlation between estimated sodium intake by dietary intake and 24-hour urinary excretion in patients with non-dialysis CKD. Material and Methods: a cross-sectional study with 151 individuals. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and lifestyle data were evaluated. Sodium was dosed in 24-hour urine and estimated by 24-hour Food Recall (R24h). To evaluate the association between demographic, anthropometric, nutritional and laboratory variables with sodium excretion in 24-hour urine, variance analysis (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test were used. The correlation between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and dietary sodium intake was performed by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: mean age was 60.8 ± 11.8 years, 51.7 % were women. Hypertensive patients, 88.9 %; diabetics, 45.0 %; and 39.1 % were in stage 3B of CKD. Median sodium excretion in 24-hour urine was 112.2 mmol/L and R24h intake was 833.8 mg/day. Individuals belonging to the highest tertile of sodium excretion (T3) presented lower PTH values, and those with lower tertile (T1), higher serum HDL-c levels (p < 0.05). There was no statistical correlation between dietary sodium intake and 24-hour urine excretion (p-value = 0.241). Conclusion: the non-correlation between sodium obtained by 24-hour urinary excretion and dietary intake demonstrates the fragility of the estimation of sodium excretion through the dietary survey.

Introducción: Introducción: la ingesta elevada de sodio es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades como la hipertensión arterial sistémica, el accidente cerebrovascular, la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Objetivo: evaluar la correlación entre la ingesta estimada de sodio y la excreción urinaria de 24 horas en pacientes con ERC sin diálisis. Métodos: estudio transversal con 151 individuos. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, socioeconómicos, clínicos y de estilo de vida. El sodio se cuantificó en orina de 24 horas y se estimó en Food Recall (R24h) de 24 horas. Para evaluar la asociación entre variables demográficas, antropométricas, nutricionales y de laboratorio con la excreción de sodio en orina de 24 horas, se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) o la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. La correlación entre la excreción urinaria de sodio de 24 horas y la ingesta de sodio en la dieta se realizó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: la edad media fue de 60,8 ± 11,8 años, el 51,7 % eran mujeres. Los pacientes hipertensos eran el 88,9 %; los diabéticos, el 45,0 %, y el 39,1 % se encontraban en estadio 3B de ERC. La mediana de excreción de sodio en orina de 24 horas fue de 112,2 mmol/L y la ingesta de R24h fue de 833,8 mg/día. Los individuos pertenecientes al tercil más alto de excreción de sodio (T3) presentaron valores de PTH más bajos y aquellos con niveles más bajos de tercil (T1), mayores niveles séricos de HDL-c (p < 0,05). No hubo correlación estadística entre la ingesta de sodio en la dieta y la excreción de orina durante 24 horas (valor p = 0,241). Conclusión: la ausencia de correlación entre el sodio obtenido por excreción urinaria de 24 horas y la ingesta dietética demuestra la fragilidad de la estimación de la excreción de sodio a través de la encuesta dietética.

Sum of skinfolds measurement can be used in the estimation of total body fat in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis / La medición de la suma de los pliegues cutáneos puede utilizarse en la estimación de la grasa corporal total en los pacientes con nefropatía crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis

INTRODUCTION: body fat reflects important clinical impacts among hemodialysis patients; thus, simple and safe methods are required for a careful evaluation of this body compartment. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the concordance of estimates of total body fat percentage (%BF), calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and sum of four skinfolds (SSKD) measures, with those obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving hemodialysis. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 317 patients undergoing hemodialysis. The %BF was evaluated using BIA, SSKD measurement, and DEXA, and stratified by sex and tertiles. The Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to compare the %BF obtained using the different methods, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC-L) to evaluate concordance. RESULTS: the average %BF estimated using DEXA was 29.3 ± 9.3 %, with significant differences among the three methods (p < 0.05). SSKD measurement presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA, regardless of sex. After stratification of the sample in tertiles, BIA presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA among the patients with CKD with a %BF above 34.4 % (third tertile). Conversely, SSKD measurement presented better concordance with DEXA for those with a %BF equal to or less than 34.4 %. CONCLUSIONS: in terms of the estimates of the %BF, SSKD measurement displayed a better concordance with DEXA

INTRODUCCIÓN: la grasa corporal refleja importantes impactos clínicos entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis; por lo tanto, se requieren métodos simples y seguros para una evaluación cuidadosa de este compartimiento del cuerpo. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la concordancia de las estimaciones del porcentaje de grasa corporal total (%GC), calculadas mediante el análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) y la suma de las medidas de cuatro pliegues cutáneos (CPC), con las obtenidas mediante absorciometría dual energética de rayos X (DEXA) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) que reciben hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal en 317 pacientes en hemodiálisis. La %GC se evaluó mediante BIA, medición de CPC y DEXA, y se estratificó por sexos y terciles. Se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas para comparar los %GC obtenidos con los diferentes métodos, y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin (CCC-L) para evaluar la concordancia. RESULTADOS: el %GC promedio estimado usando DEXA fue del 29,3 ± 9,3 %, con diferencias significativas entre los tres métodos (p < 0,05). La medición de los CPC presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA, independientemente del sexo. Tras la estratificación de la muestra en terciles, la BIA presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA entre los pacientes con ERC con un %GC superior al 34,4 % (tercer tercil). Por el contrario, la medición de los CPC presentó una mejor concordancia con la DEXA para aquellos con un %GC igual o inferior al 34,4 %. CONCLUSIÓN: en términos de las estimaciones del %GC, la medición de los CPC mostró una mejor concordancia con la DEXA

Sum of skinfolds measurement can be used in the estimation of total body fat in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: body fat reflects important clinical impacts among hemodialysis patients; thus, simple and safe methods are required for a careful evaluation of this body compartment. Objectives: to evaluate the concordance of estimates of total body fat percentage (%BF), calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and sum of four skinfolds (SSKD) measures, with those obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving hemodialysis. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 317 patients undergoing hemodialysis. The %BF was evaluated using BIA, SSKD measurement, and DEXA, and stratified by sex and tertiles. The Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to compare the %BF obtained using the different methods, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC-L) to evaluate concordance. Results: the average %BF estimated using DEXA was 29.3 ± 9.3 %, with significant differences among the three methods (p < 0.05). SSKD measurement presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA, regardless of sex. After stratification of the sample in tertiles, BIA presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA among the patients with CKD with a %BF above 34.4 % (third tertile). Conversely, SSKD measurement presented better concordance with DEXA for those with a %BF equal to or less than 34.4 %. Conclusions: in terms of the estimates of the %BF, SSKD measurement displayed a better concordance with DEXA.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la grasa corporal refleja importantes impactos clínicos entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis; por lo tanto, se requieren métodos simples y seguros para una evaluación cuidadosa de este compartimiento del cuerpo. Objetivos: evaluar la concordancia de las estimaciones del porcentaje de grasa corporal total (%GC), calculadas mediante el análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) y la suma de las medidas de cuatro pliegues cutáneos (CPC), con las obtenidas mediante absorciometría dual energética de rayos X (DEXA) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) que reciben hemodiálisis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 317 pacientes en hemodiálisis. La %GC se evaluó mediante BIA, medición de CPC y DEXA, y se estratificó por sexos y terciles. Se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas para comparar los %GC obtenidos con los diferentes métodos, y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin (CCC-L) para evaluar la concordancia. Resultados: el %GC promedio estimado usando DEXA fue del 29,3 ± 9,3 %, con diferencias significativas entre los tres métodos (p < 0,05). La medición de los CPC presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA, independientemente del sexo. Tras la estratificación de la muestra en terciles, la BIA presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA entre los pacientes con ERC con un %GC superior al 34,4 % (tercer tercil). Por el contrario, la medición de los CPC presentó una mejor concordancia con la DEXA para aquellos con un %GC igual o inferior al 34,4 %. Conclusión: en términos de las estimaciones del %GC, la medición de los CPC mostró una mejor concordancia con la DEXA.

Prevalence of sarcopenia in kidney transplants and their association with determinant factors of muscle homeostasis.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is characterized by the involuntary loss of lean body mass associated with a progressive reduction of muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in kidney transplant recipients and its association with the determining factors that control muscle homeostasis. METHODS: We evaluated renal transplant recipients undergoing follow-up at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão from June 2017 to July 2018 and who met the inclusion criteria. Sarcopenia was defined according to the European criteria. The skeletal muscle mass index was measured by dual-energy radiological absorptiometry; the values <7,26 kg/m2 for men and <5,5 kg/m2 for women were adopted for muscle depletion. For handgrip strength, values of <30 kg for men and <20 kg for women were considered as reduced muscle strength. In both sexes, the cutoff point for walking speed was <0,8 m/s. RESULTS: We evaluated 83 renal transplant recipients with a mean age of 48.8 ± 12,1 years and predominantly males (57,8%). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 19,3%. Among individuals without sarcopenia, 17,9% had a decrease in handgrip strength and 40,3% has altered gait speed. DISCUSSION: Individuals submitted to renal transplant may develop sarcopenia while still young and already present altered muscle function and strength even before the depletion of lean body mass. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis may allow the prevention of sarcopenia and provide a better quality of life for patients.

Erythropoietin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Perspectives.

Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease, and its primary cause is erythropoietin deficiency. After diagnosis, treatment begins with administration of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA). However, some patients present with resistance to ESA, which needs to be reversed, as it can increase the risk of death in patients with kidney disease. Therefore, we provide a discussion of the current literature regarding the factors that can modify the response to this class of drugs and the strategies that can be considered to optimize the benefits of treating anemia.

Prevalence of sarcopenia in kidney transplants and their association with determinant factors of muscle homeostasis

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is characterized by the involuntary loss of lean body mass associated with a progressive reduction of muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in kidney transplant recipients and its association with the determining factors that control muscle homeostasis. METHODS: We evaluated renal transplant recipients undergoing follow-up at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão from June 2017 to July 2018 and who met the inclusion criteria. Sarcopenia was defined according to the European criteria. The skeletal muscle mass index was measured by dual-energy radiological absorptiometry; the values <7,26 kg/m2 for men and <5,5 kg/m2 for women were adopted for muscle depletion. For handgrip strength, values of <30 kg for men and <20 kg for women were considered as reduced muscle strength. In both sexes, the cutoff point for walking speed was <0,8 m/s. RESULTS: We evaluated 83 renal transplant recipients with a mean age of 48.8 ± 12,1 years and predominantly males (57,8%). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 19,3%. Among individuals without sarcopenia, 17,9% had a decrease in handgrip strength and 40,3% has altered gait speed. DISCUSSION: Individuals submitted to renal transplant may develop sarcopenia while still young and already present altered muscle function and strength even before the depletion of lean body mass. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis may allow the prevention of sarcopenia and provide a better quality of life for patients.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A sarcopenia é caracterizada pela perda involuntária da massa magra associada à redução da força e função muscular, de modo progressivo. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de sarcopenia em transplantados renais e sua associação com os fatores determinantes que controlam a homeostase do músculo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados indivíduos transplantados renais em acompanhamento no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão no período de junho de 2017 a julho de 2018 e que preencheram os critérios. A sarcopenia foi definida de acordo com o critério europeu. O índice de massa muscular esquelética foi medido por meio da densitometria computadorizada por absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia; valores <7,26 kg/m2 para homens e <5,5 kg/m2 para mulheres foram adotados para depleção muscular. Para força de preensão manual, valores de <30 kg para homens e <20 kg para mulheres foram considerados como redução da força muscular. Em ambos os sexos, o ponto de corte para velocidade de marcha reduzida foi <0,8 m/s. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 83 transplantados renais, com média de idade de 48,8±12,1 anos e predominância de indivíduos do sexo masculino (57,8%). A prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 19,3%. Entre os indivíduos sem sarcopenia, 17,9% já tinham diminuição da força de preensão manual e 40,3%, alteração do teste de marcha. DISCUSSÃO: Indivíduos submetidos ao transplante renal podem desenvolver sarcopenia jovens e apresentar alteração da função e da força muscular mesmo antes da depleção da massa magra. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico precoce pode permitir a prevenção da sarcopenia e propiciar melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

Association between renal damage markers and carotid atherosclerosis in Afro-descendants with hypertension belonging to a minority ethnic group from Brazil.

Ethnicity appears to play an important role in the prevalence and severity of hypertension, renal disease, and atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 206 Afro-descendants with hypertension, living in the remaining quilombo communities. These subjects underwent a carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) assessment. The presence of renal injury was assessed by: (1) The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by the formula CKD-EPI using creatinine and cystatin C and (2) Albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g). The Poisson distribution model was set with robust variance to identify factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis. The statistical analysis was performed using the Stata 12.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5%. Most subjects were women (61.65%); the average age was 61.32 (±12.44) years. Subjects (12.62%) were identified with GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 22.8% with albuminuria. Patients (59.22%) presented with a high CIMT. In the adjusted regression model, age ≥60 years (PR: 1.232 [CI 95%:1.091-1.390], p value = .001), ACR ≥30 mg/g (PR: 1.176 [CI 95%: 1.007-1.373], p = .040), and GFR/CKD-EPI using cystatin C (PR: 1.250 [CI 95%: 1.004-1.557], p = .045) were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis. The occurrence of atherosclerotic lesions was high in the studied group. Age, albuminuria, and GFR (estimated by the formula CKD-EPI using cystatin C) influenced the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis.

Abdominal obesity and reduction of glomerular filtration.

The objective was to evaluate the association between nutritional status and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in remaining quilombolas. Cross-sectional study carried out on 32 remaining quilombola communities in the municipality of Alcântara-MA. The nutritional indicators (IN) used were: body mass index (BMI); Waist circumference (WC); Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); conicity index (CI) and estimated visceral adipose tissue (VAT). GFR was estimated from the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C formula. The Shapiro Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the quantitative variables. In order to compare the second IN sex, the chi-square test was applied. The Anova or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to verify the association between IN and GFR. Of the 1,526 remaining quilombolas studied, 89.5% were black or brown, 51.2% were women, 88.6% belonged to economic classes D and E and 61.2% were farmers or fishermen. Clinical investigation revealed 29.2% of hypertensive patients, 8.5% of diabetics and 3.1% with reduced GFR. The BMI revealed 45.6% of the remaining quilombolas with excess weight. When compared to men, women presented a higher prevalence of overweight by BMI (56.6% vs 33.8%, p <0.001) and abdominal obesity CC (52.3% vs 4.3%), WHR (76,5% vs 5.8%), WHtR (82.3% vs 48.9%) and VAT (27.1% vs 14.5%) (p <0.001). Comparing the means of IN according to the GFR, it was observed that the higher the mean value of the IN lower the GFR (p <0.05). The GFR reduced with increasing mean values of nutritional indicators of abdominal obesity, regardless of sex.

Abdominal obesity and reduction of glomerular filtration

SUMMARY The objective was to evaluate the association between nutritional status and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in remaining quilombolas. Cross-sectional study carried out on 32 remaining quilombola communities in the municipality of Alcântara-MA. The nutritional indicators (IN) used were: body mass index (BMI); Waist circumference (WC); Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); conicity index (CI) and estimated visceral adipose tissue (VAT). GFR was estimated from the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C formula. The Shapiro Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the quantitative variables. In order to compare the second IN sex, the chi-square test was applied. The Anova or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to verify the association between IN and GFR. Of the 1,526 remaining quilombolas studied, 89.5% were black or brown, 51.2% were women, 88.6% belonged to economic classes D and E and 61.2% were farmers or fishermen. Clinical investigation revealed 29.2% of hypertensive patients, 8.5% of diabetics and 3.1% with reduced GFR. The BMI revealed 45.6% of the remaining quilombolas with excess weight. When compared to men, women presented a higher prevalence of overweight by BMI (56.6% vs 33.8%, p <0.001) and abdominal obesity CC (52.3% vs 4.3%), WHR (76,5% vs 5.8%), WHtR (82.3% vs 48.9%) and VAT (27.1% vs 14.5%) (p <0.001). Comparing the means of IN according to the GFR, it was observed that the higher the mean value of the IN lower the GFR (p <0.05). The GFR reduced with increasing mean values of nutritional indicators of abdominal obesity, regardless of sex.

RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre o estado nutricional e a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) em remanescentes quilombolas. Estudo transversal, realizado em 32 comunidades remanescentes de quilombolas, no município de Alcântara - MA. Os indicadores nutricionais (IN) utilizados foram: índice de massa corporal (IMC); circunferência da cintura (CC); relação cintura-quadril (RCQ); relação cintura-estatura (RCEst); índice de conicidade (Índice C) e tecido adiposo visceral estimado (TAVe). A TFG foi estimada a partir da fórmula do CKD-EPI creatinina-cistatina C. O teste Shapiro Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade das variáveis quantitativas. Para comparar os IN segundo sexo foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado. Os testes Anova ou Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para verificar a associação entre os IN e a TFG. Dos 1.526 remanescentes quilombolas estudados, 89,5% eram da cor preta ou parda, 51,2% eram mulheres, 88,6% pertenciam às classes econômicas D e E e 61,2% eram lavradores ou pescadores. A investigação clínica revelou 29,2% de hipertensos, 8,5% de diabéticos e 3,1% com TFG reduzida. O IMC revelou 45,6% dos remanescentes quilombolas com excesso de peso. Quando comparadas aos homens, as mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso pelo IMC (56,6% vs. 33,8%; p <0,001) e obesidade abdominal CC (52,3% vs. 4,3%), RCQ (76,5% vs. 5,8%), RCEst (82,3% vs. 48,9%) e TAVe (27,1% vs. 14,5%) (p<0,001). Comparando as médias dos IN segundo a TFG observou-se que, quanto maior o valor médio dos IN, menor a TFG (p<0,05). A TFG foi reduzida com o aumento dos valores médios dos indicadores nutricionais de obesidade abdominal, independentemente do sexo.

Avaliação e terapia nutricional em crianças e adolescentes com Doença Renal Crônica

Texto que compõe a unidade 2 do módulo "Nutrição e doenças renais" do Curso de Especialização em Nefrologia Multidisciplinar, produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Aborda a avaliação e terapia nutricional em crianças e adolescentes com Doença Renal Crônica.

Terapia nutricional para indivíduos com doença renal

Texto que compõe a unidade 4 do módulo "Nutrição e doenças renais" do Curso de Especialização em Nefrologia Multidisciplinar, produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Apresenta a importância da terapia nutricional, bem como as recomendações de nutrientes para pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica e Lesão Renal Aguda. Nesta unidade o manejo nutricional será apresentado na fase pré-dialítica, hemodiálise, diálise peritoneal, lesão renal aguda e transplante renal.